Gains for dummies

[JamieHoward]

Excellent article here. I have been at this for a long time and even I picked up some things from this. Very informative and easy to understand. See below:

By Larry Frederick, Todd Ramsey and Friends:

Many retailers/installers/consumers have always had "issues" with adjusting gain. When is a little too much and when is too much too little? Do I turn the input gain all the way UP, or all the way DOWN? A common example of misguided information is the consumer comes back to you after a system has been installed and complains that their "buddy" – or "local audio expert" has noticed that you did not give them all the amplifier power that they bought! Inevitably the customer's buddy says that because you have the gain settings tuned WAY down, the amplifier is NOT delivering full power!! Their rationale is that you've CHEATED them on the power they bought!!!! You've set gain at less than half (there is NO such thing as half gain, by the way)…therefore it must be only giving me less than half power!! To answer those questions and many more….read on!!

I've taken the liberty to "borrow" from our "Down Under" fellow 12 volt guys (read Australia here ? ) and used something they wrote about correctly setting gains from a couple years ago and added some of my own additional information (see credits at the end of the article) Hey…Why reinvent the wheel??

In addition to their informative article, periodically you'll see my "2 cents worth" thrown in ? To that end let's get setting gains correctly!!!

Abbreviations used in this article:

*EQ = Equalizer
*HP = Highpass
*HU = Headunit
*LP = Lowpass
*RMS = Root Mean Square
*W = Watts (Electrical Power)

What is a gain control?

The gain control on ANY amplifier is NOT a volume control. Turning the gain up higher and higher does not produce higher ‘full-power’ output. If an amp produces a maximum of 100WRMS per channel, increasing the gain will not yield more than this. It’s a 200 watt amplifier (stereo) and theoretically a 400 watt mono 4 ohm amplifier. That’s it. No more. Turning input up (or down) does not make the amp more powerful. Its 200 watts …its 200 watts…PERIOD! Gain has NOTHING to do with adding more POWER.

Better to think of the gain as a ‘sensitivity’ setting: the higher the gain, the more sensitive the amp is to the signal fed into it. Meaning the Headunit (HU) having more output voltage (say 4 volts)will have an amplifier input setting lower than a low voltage out HU( 1 volt for example). This does not make the amplifier more powerful turning the input gain up. In fact turning input gain “UP” causes more system noise..or HISS.

First…we need to understand how an input gain adjustment works…look at the example below of a typical input gain on an amplifier (or signal processor, makes no difference). For purposes of discussion, let's say we have a standard amplifier that can take from 0.2 volts (200mV) to 4 volts of input signal. Look at this rotary gain control illustration as an example.

Now the question is which side is the minimum setting and which is the maximum setting??? In other words which is the 0.2 v setting and which is the 4 volt setting?? What do YOU think it is???? This is the most basic fundamental concept of gain, and the question which 90% of those who are quizzed get WRONG!! So what do YOU THINK?? Well….the correct answer is shown below

Not what you thought? Right?? Remember that the input gain control is a potentiometer (pot), which is nothing more than a variable resistor. At the "minimum setting" – fully counter? clockwise, it has the MOST resistance, and at the "maximum setting" – fully clockwise, it has the LEAST resistance. The input gain control is just an attenuator.

As an example, consider three gain settings: A, B, C.

A is ‘low’, B is ‘medium’ and C is ‘high’. The lowest possible setting would be fully counter-clockwise (the A setting) and highest would be fully clockwise (where the gain control is a ‘knob’ or pot) for the C setting.

Now let us say the HU is delivering a 2V signal via the preouts (typically the RCA outputs) at it's maximum usable volume position BEFORE signal clipping occurs. With the gain at B, the amp may be producing 100WRMS per channel. If the gain is now changed to A (4V setting), the amp is less sensitive; in order to produce the 100WRMS as before, the HU must now deliver a higher voltage signal, say 4V. Setting the gain to C, the amp becomes much more sensitive; it now may require only a 0.2V signal to produce 100WRMS.

The whole purpose of gain setting is to match the audio signal voltage output of a given headunit with a given amplifier. You see, unlike some standardized home audio equipment that provides a known signal level from one component to another, car audio headunits and amplifiers can have a very wide range of possibilities of audio output signal levels, both on preamp (RCA) signals and powered (speaker level) signals. The input gain control allows you to essentially match one piece of equipment to the other for ideal performance.

A HU with a higher voltage signal will require a low gain/sensitivity setting; if the HU only produces a low voltage signal, the amp would need to be more sensitive (read –have more GAIN) to produce the same power. The input "gain structure" of different manufacturer's amps is…well different.

Gain is NOT going to be the same with all amplifier manufacturers, and not even necessarily the same between the different lines of amplifiers from the same manufacturer. Meaning that simple having an amplifer at "half" gain (there is NO such thing as :"half" gain or "quarter" gain on these controls as they are not REALLY linear) and setting 2 different amplifiers at "half gain" does not make them set the same. It is the AC voltage out at the speaker terminals that tells us if they are REALLY the same, not where the gain control is set. That both "gain" controls are physically at the same place (lets say HALF) means NOTHING!!!!!!

What do the voltage markings on the gain setting mean?

Some gain controls have markings with 'voltage' to use as a guide. These voltage settings suggest to you what audio signal input voltage is required to make the amp produce full power. You'll note that with a high gain/sensitivity setting, the marking may read 0.5V; this makes sense because the amp needs to be more sensitive to respond to a low voltage signal in order to produce full power. Whereas a low gain setting may have a marking of 4V; with such a high input voltage, the amp needs to be far less sensitive to produce full power. Some amplifiers may also have a "range" switch to accommodate signal levels from either preamp level or speaker level inputs. Typically speaker level inputs are higher voltage, but may also clip sooner depending on what IC "chip" amplifier is used to drive the output. In general, preamp level signals don't go through fewer components in the headunit and are often recommended for connecting to the amplifier.

What RCA preout voltage does my HU produce?

Unless you have sophisticated measuring equipment like an oscilloscope, you will not know what voltage the RCA signal is from you HU.

The advertised voltage found in the specifications on your HU refers to the output signal under special conditions: usually by playing a constant signal like a test tone at a fixed frequency. This is obviously very different to conditions of playing music. Music is very dynamic, meaning it is constantly changing between loud and soft.

It is important to realize that the RCA preout signal, when playing music is far lower than if playing a test tone. Therefore, while a HU may feature ‘4V preouts’, when you play music the ‘average’ voltage may in fact never reach beyond 1~1.3V. Sure, it may peak as high as 4V, but never reach that level in a sustained manner, at least with music.

Of course, these voltages are only achieved when the HU volume is turned up to full(where ever that may be!) . Using a low volume setting, as you would for normal listening, the signal voltage is far less again.

The implication is that the gain setting on the amplifier must be much higher than predicted. You should expect a 5 dB to 10 dB ‘overlap’ in voltage.

For example, a HU claiming ‘4V preout’ signals will only produce an average of 1 to 1.3V when playing music and at full volume, which is 10db down and less than the predicted 4V output. The gain setting remains true however; that is, if you set the gain to the ‘1V’ marking, the amp will produce full power when the HU delivers 1V with an oscilloscope measuring this with a 1,000 Hz sinewave. Or 2 volts, or 3 volts and so on and so forth. But NOT with music!!

Simply remember the Gain Pyramid -

Ideally, you prefer to have ALL the gain at the beginning of the signal chain and the least gain necessary at the end. A 4 volt preamp output HU is WAY better than a 2 volt preout HU!!). Amplifier gains set at absolute minimum are preferred because the overall result is a lower noise floor of the entire audio system!!

This means less audible hiss when the amplifier gains are minimized AND optimized. Subwoofer amplifier gains can be somewhat higher because of ambient noise floor (road noise, etc) and the fact that subwoofers generally are positioned further from the listener; hence they make it harder to hear the audible hiss of the slight increase of gain.

Why set the gains properly?
1.

The wider the range over which you can use the volume control on the HU, the finer the control you have. There's no point having the amps reach full power with only 30% on the headunit dial where every little step produces a large volume difference. Therefore, you want full volume to be achieved when the volume control on the HU is full (100%) or as close to 100% as possible, the difference being where the signal distorts if it does so before the headunit reaches full volume. You know the gains are set incorrectly when the system gets very loud…VERY quickly and the master volume control is not near its limit. As an example, if the HU readout for volume goes to 35 as its maximum volume output and at a volume setting of 10 the system is VERY loud, 99% chance that the gains on the amplifiers (or signal processors in?between) are set too high (meaning – incorrectly!)

2.

To avoid overpowering speakers. Every speaker has a power handling limit; if it is fed a continuous amount of power beyond this, it will be at risk of having the voice coil overheated and permanently damaged. Gain settings can be used to limit the amount of power being delivered to within safe operating levels. ANY voice coil that is "blackened" or burned has been thru intensive ABUSE. This is NOT a flaw of the speaker, or a design issue. It is simply ABUSE!!!!

3.

To avoid 'clipping' the amplifier. Clipping occurs when an amplifier is pushed beyond its design limits; this limit is the maximum clean output power the amp can reliably produce. Beyond this, the output signal becomes highly distorted, and is referred to as being 'clipped'. Clipping is very audible with test tones and difficult to mistake. Although it's a bit less obvious to identify clipping with the varying nature of music signals, by the time you DO hear clipping with the music signal it's going to be severely distorted! If the gain is set too high, the amplifier will reach full power when the volume control has not reached full; if the volume control is turned up higher, the amplifier is now pushed beyond its designlimits into clipping (which means it's introducing a distorted signal into the audio path). By reducing the gain setting, the amplifier will never reach clipping despite the volume control being turned up full. Note that clipping does not necessarily mean the speakers will be overpowered; therefore it is not always dangerous for the speakers (see later).

4. To achieve a nicely balanced system between front and rear speakers, and the subwoofer, their respective levels need to be matched. Using correct gain setting procedures is a useful means to achieve this. What happens if the gain is set too low?

If the gains are set too low, the amp will not be sensitive enough to reach full power. For example, if the gain is set where the amp requires an input signal of 3V to produce full power but the HU only delivers 2V even at full volume, the amp will never reach full power.

This is wasting the potential of the amplifier.

However, this may still be required if you are to achieve a better balanced system, or more importantly, to avoid overpowering the speakers or subwoofer. As such, a 'low' gain setting can be used to cap power output from the amplifier, or match it with the outputs of other amplifier channels in the system. It's much better to back off the gain of the louder amplifier (or channel) then to try and take an amplifier channel that's lower in volume and subsequently dial up the gain to try and match.

What happens? Well you already know what could happen, and it's unlikely the results of added hiss, possible clipping, and overpowering can really help things. Remember it's better to cut gain from the louder amplifier..

What happens if the gain is set too high?

This has been discussed above. The problems encountered include the risk of overpowering speakers and causing clipping, as well as excessive system "Hiss". Excessive system hiss is increasing the noise floor, which is the lowest audible noise the audio system makes when there's no signal passing through.

When gain is excessively high and the volume is very low, audio systems with a high noise floor have a real apparent hiss. In other words if your system "hisses" and it is very obvious, go back and check you gain adjustments again. Chances are you've introduced too much gain in at least one stage of the signal path.

What is distortion and overpowering speakers and subwoofers?

In audio, distortion is a music signal (electrical or acoustic) that is less than 100% identical from the original. Even though an amplifier's job is to "amplify" the signal, it's only to increase the signal voltage, not to "color" the signal (or music) in any way.

Where the CD recording is the 'original', distortion may occur when this data is converted from digital to analog, as it passes through the controls (preamp) of the HU, along the RCA signal cables, into the amplifier, out to the speakers and in the reproduction by the speakers themselves.

Some is audible and this should always be considered 'bad', if not only to our ears, but also to the components. Very small amounts of distortion are common as the equipment operates and does its thing, but you want to avoid adding in severe distortion by incorrect adjustments of input gain levels.

Important forms of distortion to be aware of include:

1.

Over-excursion of the cones of speakers and subwoofers from being pushed beyond their physical limits. This typically occurs when small speakers (eg: 4~7” diameter) that are part of the front-speaker setup are fed too much bass, especially when delivered a ‘fullrange’ signal. By using a HP filter to remove bass, it will greatly improve the power handling of the speaker and avoid over-excursion.

2.

Clipping of the amplifier. Discussed above, clipping occurs when the amplifier is pushed beyond its limits of producing ‘clean’ power and becomes distorted. This transition is typically sudden and harsh, but some amps have soft clipping, which is far less noticeable. Other amplifiers feature a clipping warning system, which is commonly an LED warning light.

3.

Overpowering of speakers occurs when either they are pushed to over-excursion or the power being delivered exceeds their power handling. Every speaker and subwoofer will have a power handling designation specified by the manufacturer, and usually marked onto the speaker itself. You should always refer to the ‘RMS’ power specifications.

4.

It is possible to cause over-excursion without exceeding power handling. For example, a 6” speaker may have a power handling of 50WRMS, but if fed a signal with Subbass (below the Fs or free air resonance of the speaker) it may over-excurt and distort with only 30WRMS of power.

5.

Usually a speaker or subwoofer audibly distorts if it is overpowered. This is a warning to back off or risk permanent damage!

6.

Clipping can cause overpowering and is therefore dangerous for speakers. It is a common cause for burning out voice coils.

A clipped signal is typically far more powerful than a clean signal, quickly reaching double the power of the clean signal. It is because of this rapid transition that people often misperceive the actual issue. And the output of the HU clipping can cause the amplifier to clip LONG before full power output of the amplifier. Setting gains properly can avoid clipping! You need to know WHERE your HU clips at. (Do you actually KNOW???? If your head unit volume goes up to say "45" as it has a numeric value readout on your HU, WHERE excatly does it clip (90% of ALL HU's clip long BEFORE the maximum numeric value!!!)

Note that clipping, per se, is not dangerous for the speaker. It is the actual electrical power of the signal (representing a value of heat) that causes the overpowering. For example, an amplifier may produce only 100WRMS of power, beyond which it will clip. If clipped, the signal may reach around 200WRMS.

However, if the subwoofer it drives has a power handling rating of 300WRMS, it will not be overpowered or at risk of seriously overheating. Therefore, the subwoofer will happily reproduce a clipped signal of 200WRMS all day long; it will just sound terrible and the amplifier may overheat from delivering that clipped signal! But doing this for long periods of time is VERY destructive (see the voice coil below)

So understand that clipping is a sign that the amp is being pushed beyond its limits; that the onset of clipping causes a rapid increase in power output, albeit highly distorted; clipping does not necessarily mean the speaker or subwoofer will be overpowered. The result of clipping is pretty obvious. For example burned voice coils of speakers (typically subwoofers)

BURNED VOICE COIL

This is NOT caused by a "design" error, this is caused by abuse!! Period. It takes a LOT of time and abuse to do this. It is NOT instantaneous damage!! Ya gotta work at this stuff!!!!!

How do I best utilize crossover filters?

Crossovers are defined by the frequency at which they are set and how "fast" they filter out the unwanted audio signal (slope rate, also called "roll?off"), which is why another technical name for a crossover is simply "filter". Depending upon the part of the audio frequency spectrum you wish to filter out, the crossover can be a lowpass (LP), high pass (HP) or even an band pass (which is a LP and HP combined) type of filter. Nearly all amplifiers include an active crossover, and most are 'variable'. This means you can adjust the frequency from the point at which the filter takes effect. Most slopes are fixed, commonly of 12dB/Octave effect. The higher the slope rate, the faster the filter. Meaning that 6 dB is relatively slow, 12 dB is faster 18dB is faster still and 24 dB is really fast (or steep, depending on how you want to look at it). Filter alignments can be either the most common ? Linkwitz/Riley type or
Butterworth type (or M derived or Bessel, or a number of other filter types). These alignments have particular properties of how they create their slope "shape", particularly where the relationship of two filters will be used near one another.

You should select the filter to suit the speakers and subwoofer, and also set them to achieve a nice blend between front, rear and subwoofer. Generally speaking regarding the slope, the farther apart the speakers in a frequency range (such as a mid and tweeter component set), typically you would want a shallower slope (for example 6?12 dB per octave). Generally speaking regarding the frequency set point, if it is a small speaker (4 inch or 5 ¼ inch) and the crossover HP filter frequency is set too low (like 40?70 Hz for example) the speaker can be fed too much bass. This excess of bass in that small speaker will cause premature distortion from over?excursion and reduce its power handling. Setting a HP crossover point for speakers too low then, may limit how loudly you can run the system because the speakers start "barking" at you.

Other schools of thought have been that you should always start your crossover at least one octave above the speaker's Fs (Resonant frequency –or Fs) The choice of frequency where the HP filter is set is a compromise: it is always better to have MORE midbass (70/150Hz range depending on the physical properties of the speaker itself) from the front speakers,

Asking too much of them will diminish their power handling. It may also 'muddy' their sound because they struggle to maintain the clarity of the higher frequencies whilst reproducing the midbass.

Setting the HP filter slightly higher will improve power handling at the expense of midbass.

Setting LP filters is also a compromise. The subwoofer may also be able to reproduce midbass and as high as 200Hz quite well.

However, these high frequencies beyond 100Hz are 'directional' to our ears: they can usually detect where in the car these frequencies are coming from.

Having our ears detect midbass being reproduced from the rear of the car adversely affects the soundstage. You are aiming to have all the sound 'appear' to be from in front (like a concert). Subbass frequencies (well below 100Hz) are non-directional; therefore it works to have a subwoofer in the trunk because our ears cannot determine this.

Note that if you can 'hear' a subwoofer's location, it will be because the subwoofer is either reproducing higher frequencies or there are rattles and vibrations that localize it. Time alignment can many times solve a lot of these subwoofer placement issues. The actual 'best' setting for your setup will depend on many things, including quality of the speakers and their installation, acoustics in the car, and your tastes.

However, as a rough guide, the HP can be set depending on the size of the speakers:

*6 to 7" speakers: 50?100Hz with 12dB/octave (or higher!) crossover slopes

*5.25" speakers: 100?150Hz with 12dB/octave (or higher!) crossover slopes

*4" speakers: 150?250Hz with 12dB/octave (or higher!) crossover slopes

A steeper sloped filter will remove the bass more dramatically. Therefore you can afford to set the filter at a lower point without delivering excessive low frequencies.

Most people recommend setting the LP filter near that of the HP for the front speakers. Note that filters are not a brick wall; they do not suddenly cut out frequencies below/above their setting. Therefore, any 'underlap' between filters does not leave a gap. An example of underlapping would include a HP setting of 90Hz and a LP of 70Hz. Underlapping is favored by most enthusiasts for best results. However, many systems sound best with equal settings or indeed overlapping crossovers where the subwoofer and front speakers share more of the frequencies around the overlapped range.

Setting the gains

You are now hopefully armed with some useful basic knowledge to help tune the system to good potential. The following is a recommendation for the steps required to properly set gain and crossover adjustments.

You will want to perform these settings in an environment where loud music is not a nuisance.

In general, adjust front channel gains first, then rear (if applicable), and finally subwoofer. Then adjust the balance in sound between front, rear and sub, which may require turning the gains 'down' for some amps (eg: sub amp).

Use of any EQ or processor can be left till the end and gains readjusted as necessary.

Steps to set gain levels:

1.

Play music that is well-recorded and you are familiar with, featuring the entire frequency bandwidth from sub bass to treble

.

2.

Start with only the front speaker channels; disconnect all others by pulling out the RCA leads or disabling them via the HU (if applicable). If using a bridged 4-channel amplifier to provide 2 channels, you will need to set the gain for each side, left and right, separately. Do this more easily by using the ‘balance’ function to concentrate on one side at a time.

3.

Turn gain right down (full anticlockwise).

4.

Turn HP filter up higher than required (eg: 150Hz for 6" splits).

5.

Turn off ‘loudness’ and set any EQ to flat.

6.

Now play the CD and turn the volume as high as it goes without distortion.

Some HUs allow 100% volume without distortion via the RCA preout; others go only as high as ~90% before distortion; set it just below any distortion. Using a TPI-440 scope (or any scope!) use a 1,000Hz “0” Bits High sinewave (AutoSound 2000 CD104) below is what is should look like unclipped, then clipped (which is no good!) 7.

Gradually turn the gain up: keep going until you now hear distortion. Any audible distortion should be considered 'bad', so turn the gain down a little, just below its onset.

8.

Finally adjust the HP filter: lower it until your front speakers play adequate midbass without loss of power handling. Alternatively, lower the crossover setting further and expect diminished power handling which will require a lower gain setting accordingly. This may be preferable for some listeners who don’t want the volume to be so loud and prefer added midbass.

So now the front gains and HP filter are set properly. They are at a level where you will have maximum usable power when the HU volume control is turned up to full (or to pre-distortion level as measured with a scope).

Next-
9. Repeat the above for rear speakers where applicable; leave the front and subwoofer channels disconnected.

Next -

10.

Start to tune the subwoofer channel gains by disconnecting the front and rear channels.

11.

Consider setting the HU sublevel control to about 1/3~1/2 (eg: 6/15). Whenever you listen to music you can lower the sub bass for various tracks yet still set it higher for others; it gives good flexibility. Otherwise, set the sublevel to ‘0’.

12.

Turn the gain right down (full anticlockwise).

13.

Turn the LP filter up higher than required (eg: 150Hz).

14.

Leave ‘loudness’ and EQ off.

15.

Again, play the CD and turn the HU volume to the level used to set the other gains.

16.

Gradually turn the gain up: set it just below where any distortion becomes audible.

17.

Finally adjust the LP filter: lower it to a setting close to where the HP is for your front speakers.

Now you want to achieve some form of balance between all your speakers without either the fronts, rears or subwoofer dominating.

18.

Disconnect or disable the subwoofer when setting front and rear balance (ie: 'fading'). Use the fader control to achieve the balance between front and rear that you like.

19.

Reconnect the sub amp channels.

20. Now determine if the subbass is too much, which is usually the case. If so, do NOT increase the gain on the front/rear amp channels but reduce the gain on the subamp by turning it anticlockwise. Set the subamp gains for a nice balance between sub and front/rear. Most people like a little sub-heavy action which is fine if it suits your tastes.

Bingo, you're about done!

You can if you want, adjust the EQ to your liking. Note that if you boost any frequencies (although most people prefer to ‘cut’), you are pushing the amp a little closer towards clipping. This means, if you now turn the volume up to what was previously the maximum level, the amp may infact clip because the signal is stronger than before

For this reason, you need to either trim the gains down a little to compensate or never turn the volume up as high as you used when setting the gains. Most enthusiasts using a subwoofer never switch any ‘loudness’ setting on; it is unnecessary.

Finally, realize that some CD recordings vary in quality. Occasionally you will encounter a recording that is excessively ‘high’ in level. Bear in mind that such recordings will push the amplifier closer towards clipping and you may not be able to utilize the volume control up to full.

Importantly, playing test tones (constant frequency), as those used during SPL competitions, makes the RCA preout signal much stronger compared with music. This too will push an amplifier closer towards clipping so you must limit the volume control to below full.

When all the gains and crossovers are set correctly, you will use the stereo knowing that you have all the usable power on tap and can turn it up as loud as it will go with limited risk of damaging your components from excessive power. So enjoy!

Some extra notes:

When tuning a system for sound quality, one of the goals is to get "up?front" bass, (i.e. you want it to sound as if all of the bass is coming from your front speakers, rather than noticing that it is coming from the subwoofer at the rear of the car).

The trick is of course to filter the subwoofer at a low enough frequency, so that your ears cannot tell which direction the sound is coming from and tune the output levels of the system so that the subwoofer blends in well with the speakers covering the midbass in your front stage. This will vary from car to car and system to system (depending on path lengths, subs used, enclosures, etc)

There are two important points to consider:

First, make sure the subwoofer volume is level matched correctly to the midbass and the tweeters. By this, I mean make sure the subwoofer is at a similar volume to your front stage. Otherwise, if the subwoofer overpowers the front stage, the bass will not blend in well and it will not sound that great.

Secondly, it is important to set the high pass (on your front stage) and the low pass (on your subwoofer) filters correctly. The actual crossover points, depends on how low your front stage can play, without distortion

.
For example, some speakers, when playing midbass may not play all that low, or they may be limited in linear excursion, so that they distort if you try to play them too loud at a low frequency. (How high the subwoofer can play will technically be a factor too, but there are very few subwoofers that have such a high inductance that they cannot play to 1,000hz).

The installation will also be a variable, particularly the subwoofer enclosure design and location, as well as the installation/location of the front stage drivers, as well as the filters themselves. For example, the alignment (Q) of the filter (if it is a Butterworth or Linkwitz?Riley etc), as well as the slope.

When sound quality is a priority, I would suggest to start tuning the filters at fairly low points (some SQ cars have their subwoofer low passed below 50hz, some at 120 Hz!) and then slowly raising the points, as well as varying how close the high pass (on the front stage) and the low pass (on the subwoofer) filter points get. I personally do not like under or over lapping crossovers.But…sometimes it helps. The aim is to simply try out the various points and listen to what sounds the best.

DONE!!!!

Credits : http://www.mobileelectronics.com.au/forums/index.php?showtopic=35875&st=0&p=339173entry339173

[8ight]

I will be linking to this oh so very often. Thank you so much for explaining this properly, I was going to do it as part of my series on amplifier design but now I only need to briefly mention it with this here Awesome work!

[JamieHoward]

I will be linking to this oh so very often. Thank you so much for explaining this properly, I was going to do it as part of my series on amplifier design but now I only need to briefly mention it with this here Awesome work!

Thanks! That means a lot coming from someone as knowledgeable as yourself!

[Swissbeef]

Well worth the read

[8ight]

I will be linking to this oh so very often. Thank you so much for explaining this properly, I was going to do it as part of my series on amplifier design but now I only need to briefly mention it with this here Awesome work!

Thanks! That means a lot coming from someone as knowledgeable as yourself!

Thank you, but I wouldn't consider myself to be too educated, as David Byrne put it best:

“The more you know, the more you know you don't know and the more you know that you don't know.”

[Noel989]

good read

ima be using this link from now when some asks about gain setting